Ansluta C++ modeller till QML-användargränssnittet

Data från C++ bakgrundsprogrammet till QML-gränssnittet

As shown in the previous tutorial, you can connect C++ code to QML by creating a class that will be treated as just another component in QML. However, you may want to represent more complicated data, such as data that needs to act as a custom ListModel or in some way needs to be delegated from a Repeater.

Vi kan skapa våra egna modeller från C++ sidan, och deklarera hur data från modellen ska representeras i QML-gränssnittet.

It is strongly recommended that you read the List views tutorial before this one.

The code used for this tutorial will be based on the previous page, Connect logic to your QML user interface.

Projektstruktur

kirigami-tutorial/
├── CMakeLists.txt --------------------- # Modified for didactic purposes
├── org.kde.tutorial.desktop
└── src/
    ├── CMakeLists.txt
    ├── main.cpp
    ├── Main.qml ----------------------- # Modified
    └── components/
        ├── CMakeLists.txt ------------- # Modified
        ├── AddDialog.qml
        ├── KountdownDelegate.qml
        ├── ExposePage.qml
        ├── ModelsPage.qml ------------- # New
        ├── model.h -------------------- # New
        ├── model.cpp ------------------ # New
        ├── backend.h
        └── backend.cpp

Creating a new page for the models tutorial

Before doing anything, let's add a new page to our QML code.

First, in src/Main.qml, add the following action to the global drawer:

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    globalDrawer: Kirigami.GlobalDrawer {
        isMenu: true
        actions: [
            Kirigami.Action {
                text: i18n("Exposing to QML")
                icon.name: "kde"
                onTriggered: pageStack.push(Qt.createComponent("org.kde.tutorial.components", "ExposePage"))
            },
            Kirigami.Action {
                text: i18n("C++ models in QML")
                icon.name: "kde"
                onTriggered: pageStack.push(Qt.createComponent("org.kde.tutorial.components", "ModelsPage"))
            },
            Kirigami.Action {
                text: i18n("Quit")
                icon.name: "application-exit-symbolic"
                shortcut: StandardKey.Quit
                onTriggered: Qt.quit()
            }
        ]
    }

Then, create a new src/components/ModelsPage.qml with the following contents:

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import QtQuick
import QtQuick.Layouts
import QtQuick.Controls as Controls
import org.kde.kirigami as Kirigami

Kirigami.ScrollablePage {
    title: "C++ models in QML"
    // ...
}

And finally add it to src/components/CMakeLists.txt:

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add_library(kirigami-hello-components)

ecm_add_qml_module(kirigami-hello-components
    URI "org.kde.tutorial.components"
    GENERATE_PLUGIN_SOURCE
)

ecm_target_qml_sources(kirigami-hello-components
    SOURCES
    AddDialog.qml
    KountdownDelegate.qml
    ExposePage.qml
    ModelsPage.qml
)

target_sources(kirigami-hello-components
    PRIVATE
    backend.cpp backend.h
)

ecm_finalize_qml_module(kirigami-hello-components)

install(TARGETS kirigami-hello-components ${KDE_INSTALL_TARGETS_DEFAULT_ARGS})

This will serve as the canvas for this tutorial page.

Using raw strings

To make this tutorial easier to understand how the model is populated, we will be disabling a feature that KDE applications using extra-cmake-modules (ECM) use by default that optimizes string code. This allows us to bypass having to write QStringLiteral() every time a string is introduced in our C++ code, which will be useful for the code in the upcoming header file.

In the root CMakeLists.txt file, add the following:

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cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.20)
project(kirigami-tutorial)

find_package(ECM 6.0.0 REQUIRED NO_MODULE)
set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${ECM_MODULE_PATH})

include(KDEInstallDirs)
include(KDECMakeSettings)
include(KDECompilerSettings NO_POLICY_SCOPE)
include(ECMFindQmlModule)
include(ECMQmlModule)
remove_definitions(-DQT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII)

find_package(Qt6 REQUIRED COMPONENTS
    Core
    Quick
    Test
    Gui
    QuickControls2
    Widgets
)

find_package(KF6 REQUIRED COMPONENTS
    Kirigami
    I18n
    CoreAddons
    QQC2DesktopStyle
    IconThemes
)

ecm_find_qmlmodule(org.kde.kirigami REQUIRED)

add_subdirectory(src)

install(PROGRAMS org.kde.tutorial.desktop DESTINATION ${KDE_INSTALL_APPDIR})

feature_summary(WHAT ALL INCLUDE_QUIET_PACKAGES FATAL_ON_MISSING_REQUIRED_PACKAGES)

🚨 Do not do this in production

Disabling this CMake flag is done for didactic purposes only. Production code should use QStringLiteral() or the Qt string literals namespace instead where possible.

Förbereda klassen

We will create a class that contains a QMap, where a QString is used as a key and QStringList objects are used as values. The frontend will be able to read and display the keys and values and be simple to use just like a one-dimensional array. It should look similar to a QML ListModel.

To do this, we need to create a class that inherits from QAbstractListModel. Let's also add some data to the QMap. These declarations will be located in model.h.

Create two new files, src/components/model.h and src/components/model.cpp.

Add those two new files to src/components/CMakeLists.txt:

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add_library(kirigami-hello-components)

ecm_add_qml_module(kirigami-hello-components
    URI "org.kde.tutorial.components"
    GENERATE_PLUGIN_SOURCE
)

ecm_target_qml_sources(kirigami-hello-components
    SOURCES
    AddDialog.qml
    KountdownDelegate.qml
    ExposePage.qml
    ModelsPage.qml
)

target_sources(kirigami-hello-components
    PRIVATE
    backend.cpp backend.h
    model.cpp model.h
)

ecm_finalize_qml_module(kirigami-hello-components)

install(TARGETS kirigami-hello-components ${KDE_INSTALL_TARGETS_DEFAULT_ARGS})

Add the following as the initial contents to src/components/model.h:

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#pragma once

#include <QAbstractListModel>
#include <qqmlintegration.h>

class Model : public QAbstractListModel {
    Q_OBJECT
    QML_ELEMENT
public:

private:
    QMap<QString, QStringList> m_list = {
            {"Feline", {"Tigress",   "Waai Fuu"}},
            {"Fox",    {"Carmelita", "Diane", "Krystal"}},
            {"Goat",   {"Sybil",     "Toriel"}}
    };
};

Of course, we can't just display this class as is. We also need to tell QML how to represent this data in the class. We can do this by overriding three essential virtual functions:

rowCount() - Think of this function as a way to tell QML how many items the model should present.
roleNames() - You can think of role names as property names attached to data in QML. This function allows you to create those roles.
data() - This function is called when you want to retrieve the data that corresponds to the role names from the model.

Anmärkning

De anpassade rollnamnen som skapats av roleNames() är endast användbara när en modell delegeras och är inte användbara utanför den. Se Modeller och vyer.

Anmärkning

Tekniskt sett representeras modeller i Qt som tabeller, med rader och kolumner. Så vad att överskrida rowCount() gör är att tala om för Qt hur många rader som finns i en modell. Eftersom vi bara har att göra med ett endimensionellt fält i handledning, kan man bara föreställa sig "rader" som "antal element".

Överskrida och implementera `rowCount()`

Let's override the function in the src/components/model.h header file. The rowCount() function comes with its own parameter, but it will not be used in this example and so doesn't need to be named.

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#pragma once

#include <QAbstractListModel>
#include <qqmlintegration.h>

class Model : public QAbstractListModel {
    Q_OBJECT
    QML_ELEMENT
public:
    int rowCount(const QModelIndex &) const override;

private:
    QMap<QString, QStringList> m_list = {
            {"Feline", {"Tigress",   "Waai Fuu"}},
            {"Fox",    {"Carmelita", "Diane", "Krystal"}},
            {"Goat",   {"Sybil",     "Toriel"}}
    };
};

Then, let's declare how many rows are in this model in src/components/model.cpp:

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#include "model.h"

int Model::rowCount(const QModelIndex &) const {
    return m_list.count();
}

Överskrida och implementera `roleNames()`

Before we override roleNames(), we need to declare what the roles are in the C++ side using a public enum. The reason for this is because these enum values are passed into data() every time QML accesses a corresponding role, and as such we can make data() return what we want.

Let's begin with creating the enum for roles in src/components/model.h, where each value is a role for the C++ side.

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#pragma once

#include <QAbstractListModel>
#include <qqmlintegration.h>

class Model : public QAbstractListModel {
    Q_OBJECT
    QML_ELEMENT
public:
    enum Roles {
        SpeciesRole = Qt::UserRole,
        CharactersRole
    };

    QHash<int, QByteArray> roleNames() const override;
    int rowCount(const QModelIndex &) const override;

private:
    QMap<QString, QStringList> m_list = {
            {"Feline", {"Tigress",   "Waai Fuu"}},
            {"Fox",    {"Carmelita", "Diane", "Krystal"}},
            {"Goat",   {"Sybil",     "Toriel"}}
    };
};

Once we have that settled, we can finally create what these roles are in the QML side using a QHash where the keys are the enumerated values paired with QByteArrays. This should go to src/components/model.cpp. The text in the QByteArray is what's used in the actual QML code.

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#include "model.h"

int Model::rowCount(const QModelIndex &) const {
    return m_list.count();
}

QHash<int, QByteArray> Model::roleNames() const {
    return {
        {SpeciesRole,   "species"},
        {CharactersRole, "characters"}
    };
}

I vår exempelmodell kan rollen "species" användas för att hämta QString-nyckeln "Feline", "Fox", "Goat", var och en i en separat delegat. Detsamma kan göras med QStringList-värdena i teckennamnlistan.

Överskrida och implementera `data()`

There are two parameters that are passed to data(): index and role. The index is the position of the data in the model. As previously stated, role is used by QML to get specific data returned when it's accessing a role.

In data(), we can use a switch statement to return the appropriate data and data type depending on the role, which is possible as data() returns a QVariant. We still need to make sure we get the appropriate location of the data, though. In this example below, you can see that a new iterator variable is being declared, which is set from the beginning of the list plus the row of the index, and the data that the iterator is pointing to is what is being returned.

We can't just return whatever data we want though. We may be trying to bind data to a property with an incompatible data type, such as a QStringList to a QString. You may have to do data conversion in order for the data to be displayed properly. For this, we create a new private, static function named formatList().

This results in the following code in src/components/model.cpp:

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#include "model.h"

int Model::rowCount(const QModelIndex &) const {
    return m_list.count();
}

QHash<int, QByteArray> Model::roleNames() const {
    return {
        {SpeciesRole,   "species"},
        {CharactersRole, "characters"}
    };
}

QVariant Model::data(const QModelIndex &index, int role) const {
    const auto it = std::next(m_list.begin(), index.row());
    switch (role) {
        case SpeciesRole:
            return it.key();
        case CharactersRole:
            return formatList(it.value());
        default:
            return {};
    }
}

QString Model::formatList(const QStringList& list) {
    QString result;
    for (const QString& character : list) {
        result += character;
        if (list.last() != character) {
            result += ", ";
        }
    }
    return result;
}

And the following code in src/components/model.h:

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#pragma once

#include <QAbstractListModel>
#include <qqmlintegration.h>

class Model : public QAbstractListModel {
    Q_OBJECT
    QML_ELEMENT
public:
    enum Roles {
        SpeciesRole = Qt::UserRole,
        CharactersRole
    };
    int rowCount(const QModelIndex &) const override;
    QHash<int, QByteArray> roleNames() const override;
    QVariant data(const QModelIndex &index, int role) const override;

private:
    QMap<QString, QStringList> m_list = {
        {"Feline", {"Tigress",   "Waai Fuu"}},
        {"Fox",    {"Carmelita", "Diane", "Krystal"}},
        {"Goat",   {"Sybil",     "Toriel"}}
    };
    static QString formatList(const QStringList& list);
};

Klassanvändning i QML

QML-filen som används innehåller bara tre Kirigami.AbstractCard komponenter, där nyckeln är rubriken och värdet är innehållet. Korten skapas genom att delegera ett AbstractCard med hjälp av en Repeater, där den anpassade modellen vi skapade fungerar som modell. Data nås med hjälp av ordet model, följt av de roller vi deklarerade i roleNames().

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import QtQuick
import QtQuick.Layouts
import QtQuick.Controls as Controls
import org.kde.kirigami as Kirigami

Kirigami.ScrollablePage {
    title: "C++ models in QML"
    Model {
        id: customModel
    }
    ColumnLayout {
        anchors.left: parent.left
        anchors.right: parent.right
        Repeater {
            model: customModel
            delegate: Kirigami.AbstractCard {
                header: Kirigami.Heading {
                    text: model.species
                    level: 2
                }
                contentItem: Controls.Label {
                    text: model.characters
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

A screenshot of the C++ models in QML page showing a list of characters organized per species

Datamodifikation

Redigera genom att använda `dataChanged()` och `setData()`

You may encounter a situation where you want to modify data in the model, and have the changes reflected on the frontend side. Every time we change data in the model, we must emit the dataChanged() signal which will apply those changes on the frontend side at the specific cells specified in its arguments. In this tutorial, we can just use the index argument of setData().

setData() is a virtual function you can override so that modifying the data from the frontend side automatically reflects those changes on the backend side. It requires three parameters:

index: Platsen för data.
value: Det nya datainnehållet.
role - In this context, the role here is used to tell views how they should handle data. The role here should be Qt::EditRole.

Parametern role används i detta fall för att säkerställa att setData() kan redigeras via användarinmatning (Qt::EditRole). Genom att använda index, kan vi bestämma platsen där data ska redigeras med innehållet i value.

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#include "model.h"

int Model::rowCount(const QModelIndex &) const {
    return m_list.count();
}

QHash<int, QByteArray> Model::roleNames() const {
    return {
        {SpeciesRole,   "species"},
        {CharactersRole, "characters"}
    };
}

QVariant Model::data(const QModelIndex &index, int role) const {
    const auto it = std::next(m_list.begin(), index.row());
    switch (role) {
        case SpeciesRole:
            return it.key();
        case CharactersRole:
            return formatList(it.value());
        default:
            return {};
    }
}

QString Model::formatList(const QStringList& list) {
    QString result;
    for (const QString& character : list) {
        result += character;
        if (list.last() != character) {
            result += ", ";
        }
    }
    return result;
}

bool Model::setData(const QModelIndex &index, const QVariant &value, int role) {
    if (!value.canConvert<QString>() && role != Qt::EditRole) {
        return false;
    }

    auto it = std::next(m_list.begin(), index.row());
    QString charactersUnformatted = value.toString();
    QStringList characters = charactersUnformatted.split(", ");

    m_list[it.key()] = characters;
    Q_EMIT dataChanged(index, index);

    return true;
}

Anmärkning

setData() does not automatically emit dataChanged() and that has to be done manually.

With the corresponding addition in src/components/model.h:

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#pragma once

#include <QAbstractListModel>
#include <qqmlintegration.h>

class Model : public QAbstractListModel {
    Q_OBJECT
    QML_ELEMENT
public:
    enum Roles {
        SpeciesRole = Qt::UserRole,
        CharactersRole
    };
    int rowCount(const QModelIndex &) const override;
    QHash<int, QByteArray> roleNames() const override;
    QVariant data(const QModelIndex &index, int role) const override;
    bool setData(const QModelIndex &index, const QVariant &value, int role) override;
private:
    QMap<QString, QStringList> m_list = {
        {"Feline", {"Tigress",   "Waai Fuu"}},
        {"Fox",    {"Carmelita", "Diane", "Krystal"}},
        {"Goat",   {"Sybil",     "Toriel"}}
    };
    static QString formatList(const QStringList& list);
};

Let's update the QML code so that we can open up a prompt that allows us to edit the model using a Controls.Button attached to the cards.

Add the following Kirigami.PromptDialog to the src/components/ModelsPage.qml, together with a new edit button:

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import QtQuick
import QtQuick.Layouts
import QtQuick.Controls as Controls
import org.kde.kirigami as Kirigami
import org.kde.tutorial.components

Kirigami.ScrollablePage {
    title: "C++ models in QML"
    Model {
        id: customModel
    }
    ColumnLayout {
        anchors.left: parent.left
        anchors.right: parent.right
        Repeater {
            model: customModel
            delegate: Kirigami.AbstractCard {
                Layout.fillHeight: true
                header: Kirigami.Heading {
                    text: model.species
                    level: 2
                }
                contentItem: Item {
                    implicitWidth: delegateLayout.implicitWidth
                    implicitHeight: delegateLayout.implicitHeight
                    ColumnLayout {
                        id: delegateLayout
                        Controls.Label {
                            text: model.characters
                        }
                        Controls.Button {
                            text: "Edit"
                            onClicked: {
                                editPrompt.text = model.characters;
                                editPrompt.model = model;
                                editPrompt.open();
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    Kirigami.PromptDialog {
        id: editPrompt
        property var model
        property alias text: editPromptText.text
        title: "Edit Characters"
        standardButtons: Kirigami.Dialog.Ok | Kirigami.Dialog.Cancel
        onAccepted: {
            const model = editPrompt.model;
            model.characters = editPromptText.text;
            editPrompt.close();
        }
        Controls.TextField {
            id: editPromptText
            onAccepted: editPrompt.accept()
        }
    }
}

Nu, när värdena för modellen än ändras i gränssnittet, ska ändringarna automatiskt uppdateras i bakgrundsprogrammet.

Lägga till rader

Vi har lagt till ett sätt att modifiera data i befintliga nycklar i QMap, och i gränssnittet återspeglas det som att modifiera innehållet inne i AbstractCards. Men vad händer om vi behöver lägga till en ny nyckelpost i QMap och få den att återspeglas på QML-sidan? Låt oss göra det genom att skapa en ny metod som kan anropas på QML-sidan för att utföra uppgiften.

To make the method visible in QML, we must begin the method declaration with the Q_INVOKABLE macro. This method will also include a string parameter, which is intended to be the new key in the QMap.

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#pragma once

#include <QAbstractListModel>
#include <qqmlintegration.h>

class Model : public QAbstractListModel {
    Q_OBJECT
    QML_ELEMENT
public:
    enum Roles {
        SpeciesRole = Qt::UserRole,
        CharactersRole
    };
    int rowCount(const QModelIndex &) const override;
    QHash<int, QByteArray> roleNames() const override;
    QVariant data(const QModelIndex &index, int role) const override;
    Q_INVOKABLE void addSpecies(const QString &species);

private:
    QMap<QString, QStringList> m_list = {
        {"Feline", {"Tigress",   "Waai Fuu"}},
        {"Fox",    {"Carmelita", "Diane", "Krystal"}},
        {"Goat",   {"Sybil",     "Toriel"}}
    };
    static QString formatList(const QStringList& list);
};

Inside of this method, we need to tell Qt that we want to create more rows in the model. This is done by calling beginInsertRows() to begin our row adding operation, followed by inserting whatever we need, then use endInsertRows() to end the operation. We still need to emit dataChanged() at the end, however. This time, we are going to update all rows, from the first row to the last one as the QMap may alphabetically reorganize itself, and we need to catch that across all rows.

När vi anropar beginInsertRows() måste vi först skicka in en QModelIndex-klass för att ange platsen där de nya raderna ska läggas till, följt av vad de nya första och sista radnumren blir. I handledning är det första argumentet bara att QModelIndex() eftersom det inte finns något behov av att använda parametern här. Vi kan bara använda den aktuella radstorleken för första och sista radnumret, eftersom vi bara lägger till en rad i slutet av modellen.

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#include "model.h"

int Model::rowCount(const QModelIndex &) const {
    return m_list.count();
}

QHash<int, QByteArray> Model::roleNames() const {
    return {
        {SpeciesRole,   "species"},
        {CharactersRole, "characters"}
    };
}

QVariant Model::data(const QModelIndex &index, int role) const {
    const auto it = std::next(m_list.begin(), index.row());
    switch (role) {
        case SpeciesRole:
            return it.key();
        case CharactersRole:
            return formatList(it.value());
        default:
            return {};
    }
}

QString Model::formatList(const QStringList& list) {
    QString result;
    for (const QString& character : list) {
        result += character;
        if (list.last() != character) {
            result += ", ";
        }
    }
    return result;
}

bool Model::setData(const QModelIndex &index, const QVariant &value, int role) {
    if (!value.canConvert<QString>() && role != Qt::EditRole) {
        return false;
    }

    auto it = std::next(m_list.begin(), index.row());
    QString charactersUnformatted = value.toString();
    QStringList characters = charactersUnformatted.split(", ");

    m_list[it.key()] = characters;
    Q_EMIT dataChanged(index, index);

    return true;
}

void Model::addSpecies(const QString& species) {
    beginInsertRows(QModelIndex(), m_list.size() - 1, m_list.size() - 1);
    m_list.insert(species, {});
    endInsertRows();
    Q_EMIT dataChanged(index(0), index(m_list.size() - 1));
}

Anmärkning

Funktionen dataChanged() använder QModelIndex som datatyp för sina parametrar. Dock kan vi konvertera heltal i QModelIndex datatyper med användning av funktionen index().

Låt oss uppdatera QML-koden så att vi får möjlighet att lägga till en ny nyckel till QMap.

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import QtQuick
import QtQuick.Layouts
import QtQuick.Controls as Controls
import org.kde.kirigami as Kirigami
import org.kde.tutorial.components

Kirigami.ScrollablePage {
    title: "C++ models in QML"
    actions: [
        Kirigami.Action {
            icon.name: "list-add-symbolic"
            text: "Add New Species"
            onTriggered: {
                addPrompt.open();
            }
        }
    ]
    Model {
        id: customModel
    }
    ColumnLayout {
    // ...
    }
    Kirigami.PromptDialog {
        id: addPrompt
        title: "Add New Species"
        standardButtons: Kirigami.Dialog.Ok
        onAccepted: {
            customModel.addSpecies(addPromptText.text);
            addPromptText.text = ""; // Clear TextField every time it's done
            addPrompt.close();
        }
        Controls.TextField {
            id: addPromptText
            Layout.fillWidth: true
            onAccepted: addPrompt.accept()
        }
    }
    Kirigami.PromptDialog {
        id: editPrompt
        // ...
    }
}

Nu bör vi få en ny åtgärd längst upp i programmet som ger en prompt som gör det möjligt att lägga till ett nytt element till modellen, med våra egna anpassade data.

Ta bort rader

Sättet att ta bort rader liknar att lägga till rader. Låt oss skapa en annan metod som vi anropar från QML. Den här gången använder vi en extra parameter, och det är ett heltal som anger radnumret. Artnamnet används för att radera nyckeln från QMap, medan radnumret används för att radera raden i gränssnittet.

Add a new Q_INVOKABLE function named deleteSpecies() in src/components/model.h:

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#pragma once

#include <QAbstractListModel>
#include <qqmlintegration.h>

class Model : public QAbstractListModel {
    Q_OBJECT
    QML_ELEMENT
public:
    enum Roles {
        SpeciesRole = Qt::UserRole,
        CharactersRole
    };
    int rowCount(const QModelIndex &) const override;
    QHash<int, QByteArray> roleNames() const override;
    QVariant data(const QModelIndex &index, int role) const override;
    Q_INVOKABLE void addSpecies(const QString &species);
    Q_INVOKABLE void deleteSpecies(const QString &speciesName, const int &rowIndex);

private:
    QMap<QString, QStringList> m_list = {
        {"Feline", {"Tigress",   "Waai Fuu"}},
        {"Fox",    {"Carmelita", "Diane", "Krystal"}},
        {"Goat",   {"Sybil",     "Toriel"}}
    };
    static QString formatList(const QStringList& list);
};

With a matching implementation in src/components/model.cpp:

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#include "model.h"

int Model::rowCount(const QModelIndex &) const {
    return m_list.count();
}

QHash<int, QByteArray> Model::roleNames() const {
    return {
        {SpeciesRole,   "species"},
        {CharactersRole, "characters"}
    };
}

QVariant Model::data(const QModelIndex &index, int role) const {
    const auto it = std::next(m_list.begin(), index.row());
    switch (role) {
        case SpeciesRole:
            return it.key();
        case CharactersRole:
            return formatList(it.value());
        default:
            return {};
    }
}

QString Model::formatList(const QStringList& list) {
    QString result;
    for (const QString& character : list) {
        result += character;
        if (list.last() != character) {
            result += ", ";
        }
    }
    return result;
}

bool Model::setData(const QModelIndex &index, const QVariant &value, int role) {
    if (!value.canConvert<QString>() && role != Qt::EditRole) {
        return false;
    }

    auto it = std::next(m_list.begin(), index.row());
    QString charactersUnformatted = value.toString();
    QStringList characters = charactersUnformatted.split(", ");

    m_list[it.key()] = characters;
    Q_EMIT dataChanged(index, index);

    return true;
}

void Model::addSpecies(const QString& species) {
    beginInsertRows(QModelIndex(), m_list.size() - 1, m_list.size() - 1);
    m_list.insert(species, {});
    endInsertRows();
    Q_EMIT dataChanged(index(0), index(m_list.size() - 1));
}

void Model::deleteSpecies(const QString &speciesName, const int& rowIndex) {
    beginRemoveRows(QModelIndex(), rowIndex, rowIndex);
    m_list.remove(speciesName);
    endRemoveRows();
    Q_EMIT dataChanged(index(0), index(m_list.size() - 1));
}

Now, let's update the application so a "Delete" button appears in a RowLayout alongside the edit button inside our AbstractCard, and hook it up to our delete method.

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        Repeater {
            model: customModel
            delegate: Kirigami.AbstractCard {
                Layout.fillHeight: true
                header: Kirigami.Heading {
                    text: model.species
                    level: 2
                }
                contentItem: Item {
                    implicitWidth: delegateLayout.implicitWidth
                    implicitHeight: delegateLayout.implicitHeight
                    ColumnLayout {
                        id: delegateLayout
                        Controls.Label {
                            text: model.characters
                        }
                        RowLayout {
                            Layout.fillWidth: true
                            Controls.Button {
                                text: "Edit"
                                onClicked: {
                                    editPrompt.text = model.characters;
                                    editPrompt.model = model;
                                    editPrompt.open();
                                }
                            }
                            Controls.Button {
                                text: "Delete"
                                onClicked: {
                                    customModel.deleteSpecies(model.species, index);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

Vårt program så långt

Existing code:

src/CMakeLists.txt

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add_executable(kirigami-hello)

ecm_add_qml_module(kirigami-hello
    URI
    org.kde.tutorial
)

target_sources(kirigami-hello
    PRIVATE
    main.cpp
)

ecm_target_qml_sources(kirigami-hello
    SOURCES
    Main.qml
)

target_link_libraries(kirigami-hello
    PRIVATE
    Qt6::Quick
    Qt6::Qml
    Qt6::Gui
    Qt6::QuickControls2
    Qt6::Widgets
    KF6::I18n
    KF6::CoreAddons
    KF6::IconThemes
    kirigami-hello-components
)

install(TARGETS kirigami-hello ${KDE_INSTALL_TARGETS_DEFAULT_ARGS})

add_subdirectory(components)

src/main.cpp

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#include <QApplication>
#include <QQmlApplicationEngine>
#include <QtQml>
#include <QUrl>
#include <QQuickStyle>
#include <KLocalizedContext>
#include <KLocalizedString>
#include <KIconTheme>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    KIconTheme::initTheme();
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    KLocalizedString::setApplicationDomain("tutorial");
    QApplication::setOrganizationName(QStringLiteral("KDE"));
    QApplication::setOrganizationDomain(QStringLiteral("kde.org"));
    QApplication::setApplicationName(QStringLiteral("Kirigami Tutorial"));
    QApplication::setDesktopFileName(QStringLiteral("org.kde.tutorial"));

    QApplication::setStyle(QStringLiteral("breeze"));
    if (qEnvironmentVariableIsEmpty("QT_QUICK_CONTROLS_STYLE")) {
        QQuickStyle::setStyle(QStringLiteral("org.kde.desktop"));
    }

    QQmlApplicationEngine engine;

    engine.rootContext()->setContextObject(new KLocalizedContext(&engine));
    engine.loadFromModule("org.kde.tutorial", "Main");

    if (engine.rootObjects().isEmpty()) {
        return -1;
    }

    return app.exec();
}

src/components/KountdownDelegate.qml

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import QtQuick
import QtQuick.Layouts
import QtQuick.Controls as Controls
import org.kde.kirigami as Kirigami

Kirigami.AbstractCard {
    contentItem: Item {
        implicitWidth: delegateLayout.implicitWidth
        implicitHeight: delegateLayout.implicitHeight
        GridLayout {
            id: delegateLayout
            anchors {
                left: parent.left
                top: parent.top
                right: parent.right
            }
            rowSpacing: Kirigami.Units.largeSpacing
            columnSpacing: Kirigami.Units.largeSpacing
            columns: root.wideScreen ? 4 : 2

            Kirigami.Heading {
                level: 1
                text: i18n("%1 days", Math.round((date-Date.now())/86400000))
            }

            ColumnLayout {
                Kirigami.Heading {
                    Layout.fillWidth: true
                    level: 2
                    text: name
                }
                Kirigami.Separator {
                    Layout.fillWidth: true
                    visible: description.length > 0
                }
                Controls.Label {
                    Layout.fillWidth: true
                    wrapMode: Text.WordWrap
                    text: description
                    visible: description.length > 0
                }
            }
            Controls.Button {
                Layout.alignment: Qt.AlignRight
                Layout.columnSpan: 2
                text: i18n("Edit")
            }
        }
    }
}

src/components/AddDialog.qml

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import QtQuick
import QtQuick.Layouts
import QtQuick.Controls as Controls
import org.kde.kirigami as Kirigami

Kirigami.Dialog {
    id: addDialog
    title: i18nc("@title:window", "Add kountdown")
    standardButtons: Kirigami.Dialog.Ok | Kirigami.Dialog.Cancel
    padding: Kirigami.Units.largeSpacing
    preferredWidth: Kirigami.Units.gridUnit * 20

    Kirigami.FormLayout {
        Controls.TextField {
            id: nameField
            Kirigami.FormData.label: i18nc("@label:textbox", "Name*:")
            onAccepted: descriptionField.forceActiveFocus()
        }
        Controls.TextField {
            id: descriptionField
            Kirigami.FormData.label: i18nc("@label:textbox", "Description:")
            onAccepted: dateField.forceActiveFocus()
        }
        Controls.TextField {
            id: dateField
            Kirigami.FormData.label: i18nc("@label:textbox", "ISO Date*:")
            inputMask: "D999-99-99"
            onAccepted: addDialog.accepted()
        }
        Controls.Label {
            text: "* = required fields"
        }
    }
    Component.onCompleted: {
        const button = standardButton(Kirigami.Dialog.Ok);
        button.enabled = Qt.binding( () => requiredFieldsFilled() );
    }
    onAccepted: {
        if (!addDialog.requiredFieldsFilled()) return;
        appendDataToModel();
        clearFieldsAndClose();
    }
    function requiredFieldsFilled() {
        return (nameField.text !== "" && dateField.acceptableInput);
    }
    function appendDataToModel() {
        kountdownModel.append({
            name: nameField.text,
            description: descriptionField.text,
            date: new Date(dateField.text)
        });
    }
    function clearFieldsAndClose() {
        nameField.text = ""
        descriptionField.text = ""
        dateField.text = ""
        addDialog.close();
    }
}

src/components/ExposePage.qml

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import org.kde.kirigami as Kirigami
import org.kde.tutorial.components

Kirigami.Page {
    title: "Exposing to QML Tutorial"
    Kirigami.Heading {
        anchors.centerIn: parent
        text: Backend.introductionText
    }
}

src/components/backend.h

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#pragma once

#include <QObject>
#include <qqmlintegration.h>

class Backend : public QObject
{
    Q_OBJECT
    QML_ELEMENT
    QML_SINGLETON
    Q_PROPERTY(QString introductionText READ introductionText WRITE setIntroductionText NOTIFY introductionTextChanged)
public:
    explicit Backend(QObject *parent = nullptr);
    QString introductionText() const;
    void setIntroductionText(const QString &introductionText);
    Q_SIGNAL void introductionTextChanged();
private:
    QString m_introductionText = QStringLiteral("Hello World!");
};

src/components/backend.cpp

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#include "backend.h"

Backend::Backend(QObject *parent)
    : QObject(parent)
{}

QString Backend::introductionText() const
{
    return m_introductionText;
}

void Backend::setIntroductionText(const QString &introductionText)
{
    m_introductionText = introductionText;
    Q_EMIT introductionTextChanged();
}

Code written/modified in this page:

CMakeLists.txt

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cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.20)
project(kirigami-tutorial)

find_package(ECM 6.0.0 REQUIRED NO_MODULE)
set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${ECM_MODULE_PATH})

include(KDEInstallDirs)
include(KDECMakeSettings)
include(KDECompilerSettings NO_POLICY_SCOPE)
include(ECMFindQmlModule)
include(ECMQmlModule)
remove_definitions(-DQT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII)

find_package(Qt6 REQUIRED COMPONENTS
    Core
    Quick
    Test
    Gui
    QuickControls2
    Widgets
)

find_package(KF6 REQUIRED COMPONENTS
    Kirigami
    I18n
    CoreAddons
    QQC2DesktopStyle
    IconThemes
)

ecm_find_qmlmodule(org.kde.kirigami REQUIRED)

add_subdirectory(src)

install(PROGRAMS org.kde.tutorial.desktop DESTINATION ${KDE_INSTALL_APPDIR})

feature_summary(WHAT ALL INCLUDE_QUIET_PACKAGES FATAL_ON_MISSING_REQUIRED_PACKAGES)

src/Main.qml

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import QtQuick
import QtQuick.Layouts
import QtQuick.Controls as Controls
import org.kde.kirigami as Kirigami
import org.kde.tutorial.components

Kirigami.ApplicationWindow {
    id: root

    width: 600
    height: 400

    title: i18nc("@title:window", "Day Kountdown")

    globalDrawer: Kirigami.GlobalDrawer {
        isMenu: true
        actions: [
            Kirigami.Action {
                text: i18n("Exposing to QML Tutorial")
                icon.name: "kde"
                onTriggered: pageStack.push(Qt.createComponent("org.kde.tutorial.components", "ExposePage"))
            },
            Kirigami.Action {
                text: i18n("C++ models in QML tutorial")
                icon.name: "kde"
                onTriggered: pageStack.push(Qt.createComponent("org.kde.tutorial.components", "ModelsPage"))
            },
            Kirigami.Action {
                text: i18n("Quit")
                icon.name: "application-exit-symbolic"
                shortcut: StandardKey.Quit
                onTriggered: Qt.quit()
            }
        ]
    }

    ListModel {
        id: kountdownModel
    }

    AddDialog {
        id: addDialog
    }

    pageStack.initialPage: Kirigami.ScrollablePage {
        title: i18nc("@title", "Kountdown")

        actions: [
            Kirigami.Action {
                id: addAction
                icon.name: "list-add-symbolic"
                text: i18nc("@action:button", "Add kountdown")
                onTriggered: addDialog.open()
            }
        ]

        Kirigami.CardsListView {
            id: cardsView
            model: kountdownModel
            delegate: KountdownDelegate {}
        }
    }
}

src/components/CMakeLists.txt

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add_library(kirigami-hello-components)

ecm_add_qml_module(kirigami-hello-components
    URI "org.kde.tutorial.components"
    GENERATE_PLUGIN_SOURCE
)

ecm_target_qml_sources(kirigami-hello-components
    SOURCES
    AddDialog.qml
    KountdownDelegate.qml
    ExposePage.qml
    ModelsPage.qml
)

target_sources(kirigami-hello-components
    PRIVATE
    backend.cpp backend.h
    model.cpp model.h
)

ecm_finalize_qml_module(kirigami-hello-components)

install(TARGETS kirigami-hello-components ${KDE_INSTALL_TARGETS_DEFAULT_ARGS})

src/components/ModelsPage.qml

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import QtQuick
import QtQuick.Layouts
import QtQuick.Controls as Controls
import org.kde.kirigami as Kirigami
import org.kde.tutorial.components

Kirigami.ScrollablePage {
    title: "C++ models in QML"
    actions: [
        Kirigami.Action {
            icon.name: "list-add-symbolic"
            text: "Add New Species"
            onTriggered: {
                addPrompt.open();
            }
        }
    ]
    Model {
        id: customModel
    }
    ColumnLayout {
        anchors.left: parent.left
        anchors.right: parent.right
        Repeater {
            model: customModel
            delegate: Kirigami.AbstractCard {
                Layout.fillHeight: true
                header: Kirigami.Heading {
                    text: model.species
                    level: 2
                }
                contentItem: Item {
                    implicitWidth: delegateLayout.implicitWidth
                    implicitHeight: delegateLayout.implicitHeight
                    ColumnLayout {
                        id: delegateLayout
                        Controls.Label {
                            text: model.characters
                        }
                        RowLayout {
                            Layout.fillWidth: true
                            Controls.Button {
                                text: "Edit"
                                onClicked: {
                                    editPrompt.text = model.characters;
                                    editPrompt.model = model;
                                    editPrompt.open();
                                }
                            }
                            Controls.Button {
                                text: "Delete"
                                onClicked: {
                                    customModel.deleteSpecies(model.species, index);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    Kirigami.PromptDialog {
        id: addPrompt
        title: "Add New Species"
        standardButtons: Kirigami.Dialog.Ok
        onAccepted: {
            customModel.addSpecies(addPromptText.text);
            addPromptText.text = ""; // Clear TextField every time it's done
            addPrompt.close();
        }
        Controls.TextField {
            id: addPromptText
            Layout.fillWidth: true
            onAccepted: addPrompt.accept()
        }
    }

    Kirigami.PromptDialog {
        id: editPrompt
        property var model
        property alias text: editPromptText.text
        title: "Edit Characters"
        standardButtons: Kirigami.Dialog.Ok | Kirigami.Dialog.Cancel
        onAccepted: {
            const model = editPrompt.model;
            model.characters = editPromptText.text;
            editPrompt.close();
        }
        Controls.TextField {
            id: editPromptText
            onAccepted: editPrompt.accept()
        }
    }
}

src/components/model.h

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#pragma once

#include <QAbstractListModel>
#include <qqmlintegration.h>

class Model : public QAbstractListModel {
    Q_OBJECT
    QML_ELEMENT
public:
    enum Roles {
        SpeciesRole = Qt::UserRole,
        CharactersRole
    };
    int rowCount(const QModelIndex &) const override;
    QHash<int, QByteArray> roleNames() const override;
    QVariant data(const QModelIndex &index, int role) const override;
    bool setData(const QModelIndex &index, const QVariant &value, int role) override;
    Q_INVOKABLE void addSpecies(const QString &species);
    Q_INVOKABLE void deleteSpecies(const QString &speciesName, const int &rowIndex);
private:
    QMap<QString, QStringList> m_list = {
        {"Feline", {"Tigress",   "Waai Fuu"}},
        {"Fox",    {"Carmelita", "Diane", "Krystal"}},
        {"Goat",   {"Sybil",     "Toriel"}}
    };
    static QString formatList(const QStringList& list);
};

src/components/model.cpp

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#include "model.h"

int Model::rowCount(const QModelIndex &) const {
    return m_list.count();
}

QHash<int, QByteArray> Model::roleNames() const {
    return {
        {SpeciesRole,   "species"},
        {CharactersRole, "characters"}
    };
}

QVariant Model::data(const QModelIndex &index, int role) const {
    const auto it = std::next(m_list.begin(), index.row());
    switch (role) {
        case SpeciesRole:
            return it.key();
        case CharactersRole:
            return formatList(it.value());
        default:
            return {};
    }
}

QString Model::formatList(const QStringList& list) {
    QString result;
    for (const QString& character : list) {
        result += character;
        if (list.last() != character) {
            result += ", ";
        }
    }
    return result;
}

bool Model::setData(const QModelIndex &index, const QVariant &value, int role) {
    if (!value.canConvert<QString>() && role != Qt::EditRole) {
        return false;
    }

    auto it = std::next(m_list.begin(), index.row());
    QString charactersUnformatted = value.toString();
    QStringList characters = charactersUnformatted.split(", ");

    m_list[it.key()] = characters;
    Q_EMIT dataChanged(index, index);

    return true;
}

void Model::addSpecies(const QString& species) {
    beginInsertRows(QModelIndex(), m_list.size() - 1, m_list.size() - 1);
    m_list.insert(species, {});
    endInsertRows();
    Q_EMIT dataChanged(index(0), index(m_list.size() - 1));
}

void Model::deleteSpecies(const QString &speciesName, const int& rowIndex) {
    beginRemoveRows(QModelIndex(), rowIndex, rowIndex);
    m_list.remove(speciesName);
    endRemoveRows();
    Q_EMIT dataChanged(index(0), index(m_list.size() - 1));
}

Mer information

För mer information, se Using C++ Models with Qt Quick Views och Model/View Programming.

Anslut logik till ditt QML användargränssnitt

Introduktion av Kirigami Addons

Ansluta C++ modeller till QML-användargränssnittet

Projektstruktur

Creating a new page for the models tutorial

Using raw strings

🚨 Do not do this in production

Förbereda klassen

Anmärkning

Anmärkning

Överskrida och implementera rowCount()

Överskrida och implementera roleNames()

Överskrida och implementera data()

Klassanvändning i QML

Datamodifikation

Redigera genom att använda dataChanged() och setData()

Anmärkning

Lägga till rader

Anmärkning

Ta bort rader

Vårt program så långt

Mer information

Överskrida och implementera `rowCount()`

Överskrida och implementera `roleNames()`

Överskrida och implementera `data()`

Redigera genom att använda `dataChanged()` och `setData()`