Using separate files
Separar código gigantesco em vários ficheiros e associar sinais/eventos aos seus componentes.
Why and how
For the first time, we will be separating some of our components into their own QML files. If we keep adding things to Main.qml, it's going to quickly become hard to tell what does what, and we risk muddying our code.
In this tutorial, we will be splitting the code in Main.qml into Main.qml, AddDialog.qml and KountdownDelegate.qml.
Additionally, even when spreading code between multiple QML files, the amount of files in real-life projects can get out of hand. A common solution to this problem is to logically separate files into different folders. We will take a brief look at three common approaches seen in real projects, and implement one of them:
- storing QML files together with C++ files
- storing QML files in a different directory under the same module
- storing QML files in a different directory under a different module
After the split, we will have separation of concerns between each file, and implementation details will be abstracted, making the code more readable.
Storing QML files together with C++ files
This consists of keeping the project's QML files together with C++ files in src/. This sort of structure would look like this:
kirigami-tutorial/
├── CMakeLists.txt
├── org.kde.tutorial.desktop
└── src/
├── CMakeLists.txt
├── main.cpp
├── Main.qml
├── AddDialog.qml
└── KountdownDelegate.qml
This is what we did previously. In the above case, you would just need to keep adding QML files to the existing kirigami-tutorial/src/CMakeLists.txt. There's no logical separation at all, and once the project gets more than a couple of QML files (and C++ files that create types to be used in QML), the folder can quickly become crowded.
Storing QML files in a different directory under the same module
This consists of keeping all QML files in a separate folder, usually src/qml/. This sort of structure would look like this:
kirigami-tutorial/
├── CMakeLists.txt
├── org.kde.tutorial.desktop
└── src/
├── CMakeLists.txt
├── main.cpp
└── qml/
├── Main.qml
├── AddDialog.qml
└── KountdownDelegate.qml
This structure is very common in KDE projects, mostly to avoid having an extra CMakeLists.txt file for the src/qml/ directory and creating a separate module. This method keeps the files themselves in a separate folder, but you would also need to add them in kirigami-tutorial/src/CMakeLists.txt. All created QML files would then belong to the same QML module as Main.qml.
In practice, once the project gets more than a dozen QML files, while it won't crowd the src/ directory, it will crowd the src/CMakeLists.txt file. It will become difficult to differentiate between traditional C++ files and C++ files that have types exposed to QML.
It will also break the concept of locality (localisation of dependency details), where you would keep the description of your dependencies in the same place as the dependencies themselves.
Storing QML files in a different directory under a different module
This consists of keeping all QML files in a separate folder with its own CMakeLists.txt and own separate QML module. This sort of structure would look like this:
kirigami-tutorial/
├── CMakeLists.txt
├── org.kde.tutorial.desktop
└── src/
├── CMakeLists.txt
├── main.cpp
├── Main.qml
└── components/
├── CMakeLists.txt
├── AddDialog.qml
└── KountdownDelegate.qml
This structure is not as common in KDE projects and requires writing an additional CMakeLists.txt, but it is the most flexible. In our case, we name our folder "components" since we are creating two new QML components out of our previous Main.qml file, and keep information about them in kirigami-tutorial/src/components/CMakeLists.txt. The Main.qml file itself stays in src/ so it's automatically used when running the executable, as before.
Later on, it would be possible to create more folders with multiple QML files, all grouped together by function, such as "models" and "settings", and C++ files that have types exposed to QML (like models) could be kept together with other QML files where it makes sense.
We will be using this structure in this tutorial.
Preparing CMake for the new files
First, create the file kirigami-tutorial/src/components/CMakeLists.txt with the following contents:
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| add_library(kirigami-hello-components)
ecm_add_qml_module(kirigami-hello-components
URI "org.kde.tutorial.components"
GENERATE_PLUGIN_SOURCE
)
ecm_target_qml_sources(kirigami-hello-components
SOURCES
AddDialog.qml
KountdownDelegate.qml
)
ecm_finalize_qml_module(kirigami-hello-components)
install(TARGETS kirigami-hello-components ${KDE_INSTALL_TARGETS_DEFAULT_ARGS})
|
We create a new target called kirigami-hello-components and then turn it into a QML module using ecm_add_qml_module() under the import name org.kde.tutorial.components and add the relevant QML files.
Because the target is different from the executable, it will function as a different QML module, in which case we will need to do two things: make it generate code for it to work as a Qt plugin with GENERATE_PLUGIN_SOURCE, and finalize it with ecm_finalize_qml_module(). We then install it exactly like in previous lessons.
We needed to use add_library() so that we can link kirigami-hello-components to the executable in the target_link_libraries() call in kirigami-tutorial/src/CMakeLists.txt:
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| add_executable(kirigami-hello)
ecm_add_qml_module(kirigami-hello
URI
org.kde.tutorial
)
target_sources(kirigami-hello
PRIVATE
main.cpp
)
ecm_target_qml_sources(kirigami-hello
SOURCES
Main.qml
)
target_link_libraries(kirigami-hello
PRIVATE
Qt6::Quick
Qt6::Qml
Qt6::Gui
Qt6::QuickControls2
Qt6::Widgets
KF6::I18n
KF6::CoreAddons
kirigami-hello-components
)
install(TARGETS kirigami-hello ${KDE_INSTALL_TARGETS_DEFAULT_ARGS})
add_subdirectory(components)
|
We also need to use add_subdirectory() so CMake will find the kirigami-tutorial/src/components/ directory.
In the previous lessons, we did not need to add the org.kde.tutorial import to our Main.qml because it was not needed: being the entrypoint for the application, the executable would run the file immediately anyway. Since our components are in a separate QML module, the a new import in kirigami-tutorial/src/Main.qml is necessary, the same one defined earlier, org.kde.tutorial.components:
import QtQuick
import QtQuick.Layouts
import QtQuick.Controls as Controls
import org.kde.kirigami as Kirigami
import org.kde.tutorial.components
// The rest of the code...
And we are ready to go.
Splitting Main.qml
Let's take a look once again at the original Main.qml:
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| import QtQuick
import QtQuick.Layouts
import QtQuick.Controls as Controls
import org.kde.kirigami as Kirigami
Kirigami.ApplicationWindow {
id: root
width: 600
height: 400
title: i18nc("@title:window", "Day Kountdown")
globalDrawer: Kirigami.GlobalDrawer {
isMenu: true
actions: [
Kirigami.Action {
text: i18n("Quit")
icon.name: "application-exit-symbolic"
shortcut: StandardKey.Quit
onTriggered: Qt.quit()
}
]
}
ListModel {
id: kountdownModel
}
Component {
id: kountdownDelegate
Kirigami.AbstractCard {
contentItem: Item {
implicitWidth: delegateLayout.implicitWidth
implicitHeight: delegateLayout.implicitHeight
GridLayout {
id: delegateLayout
anchors {
left: parent.left
top: parent.top
right: parent.right
}
rowSpacing: Kirigami.Units.largeSpacing
columnSpacing: Kirigami.Units.largeSpacing
columns: root.wideScreen ? 4 : 2
Kirigami.Heading {
level: 1
text: i18n("%1 days", Math.round((date-Date.now())/86400000))
}
ColumnLayout {
Kirigami.Heading {
Layout.fillWidth: true
level: 2
text: name
}
Kirigami.Separator {
Layout.fillWidth: true
visible: description.length > 0
}
Controls.Label {
Layout.fillWidth: true
wrapMode: Text.WordWrap
text: description
visible: description.length > 0
}
}
Controls.Button {
Layout.alignment: Qt.AlignRight
Layout.columnSpan: 2
text: i18n("Edit")
}
}
}
}
}
Kirigami.Dialog {
id: addDialog
title: i18nc("@title:window", "Add kountdown")
standardButtons: Kirigami.Dialog.Ok | Kirigami.Dialog.Cancel
padding: Kirigami.Units.largeSpacing
preferredWidth: Kirigami.Units.gridUnit * 20
// Form layouts help align and structure a layout with several inputs
Kirigami.FormLayout {
// Textfields let you input text in a thin textbox
Controls.TextField {
id: nameField
// Provides a label attached to the textfield
Kirigami.FormData.label: i18nc("@label:textbox", "Name*:")
// What to do after input is accepted (i.e. pressed Enter)
// In this case, it moves the focus to the next field
onAccepted: descriptionField.forceActiveFocus()
}
Controls.TextField {
id: descriptionField
Kirigami.FormData.label: i18nc("@label:textbox", "Description:")
placeholderText: i18n("Optional")
// Again, it moves the focus to the next field
onAccepted: dateField.forceActiveFocus()
}
Controls.TextField {
id: dateField
Kirigami.FormData.label: i18nc("@label:textbox", "ISO Date*:")
// D means a required number between 1-9,
// 9 means a required number between 0-9
inputMask: "D999-99-99"
// Here we confirm the operation just like
// clicking the OK button
onAccepted: addDialog.onAccepted()
}
Controls.Label {
text: "* = required fields"
}
}
// Once the Kirigami.Dialog is initialized,
// we want to create a custom binding to only
// make the Ok button visible if the required
// text fields are filled.
// For this we use Kirigami.Dialog.standardButton(button):
Component.onCompleted: {
const button = standardButton(Kirigami.Dialog.Ok);
// () => is a JavaScript arrow function
button.enabled = Qt.binding( () => requiredFieldsFilled() );
}
onAccepted: {
// The binding is created, but we still need to make it
// unclickable unless the fields are filled
if (!addDialog.requiredFieldsFilled()) return;
appendDataToModel();
clearFieldsAndClose();
}
// We check that the nameField is not empty and that the
// dateField (which has an inputMask) is completely filled
function requiredFieldsFilled() {
return (nameField.text !== "" && dateField.acceptableInput);
}
function appendDataToModel() {
kountdownModel.append({
name: nameField.text,
description: descriptionField.text,
date: new Date(dateField.text)
});
}
function clearFieldsAndClose() {
nameField.text = ""
descriptionField.text = ""
dateField.text = ""
addDialog.close();
}
}
pageStack.initialPage: Kirigami.ScrollablePage {
title: i18nc("@title", "Kountdown")
// Kirigami.Action encapsulates a UI action. Inherits from Controls.Action
actions: [
Kirigami.Action {
id: addAction
// Name of icon associated with the action
icon.name: "list-add-symbolic"
// Action text, i18n function returns translated string
text: i18nc("@action:button", "Add kountdown")
// What to do when triggering the action
onTriggered: addDialog.open()
}
]
Kirigami.CardsListView {
id: cardsView
model: kountdownModel
delegate: kountdownDelegate
}
}
}
|
The custom delegate with id: kountdownDelegate can be split completely because it is already enveloped in a QML Component type. We use a Component to be able to define it without needing to instantiate it; separate QML files work the same way.
If we move the code to a separate files, then, there is no point in leaving it enveloped in a Component: we can split just the Kirigami.AbstractCard in the separate file. Here is the resulting KountdownDelegate.qml:
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| import QtQuick
import QtQuick.Layouts
import QtQuick.Controls as Controls
import org.kde.kirigami as Kirigami
Kirigami.AbstractCard {
contentItem: Item {
implicitWidth: delegateLayout.implicitWidth
implicitHeight: delegateLayout.implicitHeight
GridLayout {
id: delegateLayout
anchors {
left: parent.left
top: parent.top
right: parent.right
}
rowSpacing: Kirigami.Units.largeSpacing
columnSpacing: Kirigami.Units.largeSpacing
columns: root.wideScreen ? 4 : 2
Kirigami.Heading {
level: 1
text: i18n("%1 days", Math.round((date-Date.now())/86400000))
}
ColumnLayout {
Kirigami.Heading {
Layout.fillWidth: true
level: 2
text: name
}
Kirigami.Separator {
Layout.fillWidth: true
visible: description.length > 0
}
Controls.Label {
Layout.fillWidth: true
wrapMode: Text.WordWrap
text: description
visible: description.length > 0
}
}
Controls.Button {
Layout.alignment: Qt.AlignRight
Layout.columnSpan: 2
text: i18n("Edit")
}
}
}
}
|
Our dialog with id: addDialog is not enveloped in a Component, and it is not a component that is visible by default, so the code can be copied as is into the AddDialog.qml:
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| import QtQuick
import QtQuick.Layouts
import QtQuick.Controls as Controls
import org.kde.kirigami as Kirigami
Kirigami.Dialog {
id: addDialog
title: i18nc("@title:window", "Add kountdown")
standardButtons: Kirigami.Dialog.Ok | Kirigami.Dialog.Cancel
padding: Kirigami.Units.largeSpacing
preferredWidth: Kirigami.Units.gridUnit * 20
Kirigami.FormLayout {
Controls.TextField {
id: nameField
Kirigami.FormData.label: i18nc("@label:textbox", "Name*:")
onAccepted: descriptionField.forceActiveFocus()
}
Controls.TextField {
id: descriptionField
Kirigami.FormData.label: i18nc("@label:textbox", "Description:")
onAccepted: dateField.forceActiveFocus()
}
Controls.TextField {
id: dateField
Kirigami.FormData.label: i18nc("@label:textbox", "ISO Date*:")
inputMask: "D999-99-99"
onAccepted: addDialog.accepted()
}
Controls.Label {
text: "* = required fields"
}
}
Component.onCompleted: {
const button = standardButton(Kirigami.Dialog.Ok);
button.enabled = Qt.binding( () => requiredFieldsFilled() );
}
onAccepted: {
if (!addDialog.requiredFieldsFilled()) return;
appendDataToModel();
clearFieldsAndClose();
}
function requiredFieldsFilled() {
return (nameField.text !== "" && dateField.acceptableInput);
}
function appendDataToModel() {
kountdownModel.append({
name: nameField.text,
description: descriptionField.text,
date: new Date(dateField.text)
});
}
function clearFieldsAndClose() {
nameField.text = ""
descriptionField.text = ""
dateField.text = ""
addDialog.close();
}
}
|
With the code split, Main.qml thus becomes much shorter:
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| import QtQuick
import QtQuick.Layouts
import QtQuick.Controls as Controls
import org.kde.kirigami as Kirigami
import org.kde.tutorial.components
Kirigami.ApplicationWindow {
id: root
width: 600
height: 400
title: i18nc("@title:window", "Day Kountdown")
globalDrawer: Kirigami.GlobalDrawer {
isMenu: true
actions: [
Kirigami.Action {
text: i18n("Quit")
icon.name: "application-exit-symbolic"
shortcut: StandardKey.Quit
onTriggered: Qt.quit()
}
]
}
ListModel {
id: kountdownModel
}
AddDialog {
id: addDialog
}
pageStack.initialPage: Kirigami.ScrollablePage {
title: i18nc("@title", "Kountdown")
actions: [
Kirigami.Action {
id: addAction
icon.name: "list-add-symbolic"
text: i18nc("@action:button", "Add kountdown")
onTriggered: addDialog.open()
}
]
Kirigami.CardsListView {
id: cardsView
model: kountdownModel
delegate: KountdownDelegate {}
}
}
}
|
We now have two extra QML files, AddDialog.qml and KountdownDelegate, and we need to find some way of using them in Main.qml. The way to add the contents of the new files to Main.qml is by instantiating them.
AddDialog.qml becomes AddDialog {}:
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| AddDialog {
id: addDialog
}
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KountdownDelegate.qml becomes KountdownDelegate {}:
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| Kirigami.CardsListView {
id: cardsView
model: kountdownModel
delegate: KountdownDelegate {}
}
|
Most cases you have seen of a component started with uppercase and followed by brackets were instantiations of a QML component. This is why our new QML files need to start with an uppercase letter.
Compile the project and run it, and you should have a functional window that behaves exactly the same as before, but with the code split into separate parts, making things much more manageable.